Agriculture: Organic permaculture 04a.9: illnesses of plants+natural pesticides

                  
Pear tree with pear grating [1] - powdery mildew [2] - mallow rust with perforated leaves [3] - Mallow rust, underside of the leaves with red polka dot coating [4] - botrytis tubular mushroom ("gray mushroom lawn" on an orange [11]

by Michael Palomino (2018 / 2025 - translation 2020)

Illnesses of plants

Common plant diseases are:
Powdery mildew, pear grating or mallow rust [web42], or the botrytis (tubular fungus) [web49], Pucciniomycetes (stand fungus)

              
Pear tree with pear grating [1] - powdery mildew [2] - mallow rust with perforated leaves [3] - Mallow rust, underside of the leaves with red polka dot coating [4] - botrytis tubular mushroom ("gray mushroom lawn" on an orange [11]

  

Plant diseases, scheme: whitefly, fungi and viruses, mildew, scale insect, drying up, aphid, botrytis (tube fungus), spider mite, Pucciniomycetes (stand fungus) [5]

1. If the leaves of trees turn yellow-green and there are forming brown spots at the same time, a lack of magnesium is to blame. Fertilization helps.
2. If the leaves turn brown from the edge, then potassium deficiency is probably to blame.
3. If the leaves lighten and become pale, either the irrigation water is too hard or the plant suffers from an iron deficiency.
4. If the leaf margins are brown, different causes can be responsible. Too much water, too little water, too dry air, used soil or over-fertilization.
5. If only the tip of the leaf turns brown, too dry air is to blame.
6. If the leaves turn yellow, the location is too cool or too dark, too much water was poured or the plant suffers from a lack of nitrogen.
7. If you observe growths that look like cork spots, then an extreme temperature change is usually to blame. But there are also other reasons possible like too little light or too much water.
8. Rolled up leaves are an indication of a root damage, or too dry root balls or too dry air [web41].

Best measures against plant diseases:

Garlic: Against aphids, maggots, mites, snails, caterpillars and even mildew helps: a) stick the garlic into the ground leaving out only a small tip - or b) boil a garlic broth (boil for 1 hour, then let it cool), and spray it [web45 ].

Silver water (colloidal silver) can be sprayed and pour silver water - this disinfects and kills all harmful bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites - WITHOUT side effects of contamination or poisoning [web83]


Pear rust

Pear tree with pear rust [1]

The cause of pear rust is the fungus Gymnosporangium sabinae, which appears from late spring, provoking orange-red spots on the top of the leaves, on the underside there come wart-like thickenings where the spores mature. In a short time, the entire pear tree is infected. In winter, the fungus hibernates on the savin tree (Juniperus sabina) or on the Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis). From spring it changes back to the pear trees. The spores fly up to 500m. The junipers are hardly damaged, but the pear trees are very badly damaged. Measures are:
-- Elminate all juniper plants from the area around the pear trees
-- Convince neighbors to remove juniper
-- Spray pear trees with horsetail extract, this strengthens the pear trees against pear grating, spray it 4 times all 10 to 14 days
-- Autumn leaves with a pear rust can be composted because the mushroom is looking for juniper again and will not find it [web47].


Mildew

Mildew [2]

on roses, pumpkin, zucchini, cucumber, in principle possible on all plants [web43].

Powdery mildew are white fungal spores that are spread with the winds and search for a new habitat on living plants. Powdery mildew likes to develop during warm weather periods, with a powdery-white coating on the top of the leaves, up to the top attacking also the buds, flowers or fruit. Plants dry up and turn yellow-brown. Winds spread the fungal spores [web43]. Plants dry together with fruits [web44].

Conditions that provoke mildew
-- susceptible to downy mildew are: radishes, radish, lettuce, peas, cabbage, spinach, onions [web44]
-- susceptible to powdery mildew are: cucumbers, zucchini, pumpkin, peas, salsify [web44]
-- vulnerable plants should get an airy and sunny location [web44]
-- heat traps can provoke mildew, e.g. due to too narrow planting or by the bad effects of a fleece [web44].


Measures against existing mildew

Pluck mildew leaves and throw them away
Powdery mildew leaves can be removed with a calm hand, so that no fungal spores are spread. After plucking, the spores die because they only live on living plants. That is why it is possible to compost powdery mildew leaves [web44]. [Common sense says to destroy the powdery mildew leaves in a closed system].

Mildew does not normally affect fruits and vegetables. However, they can only be stored to a limited extent. Leafy greens (lamb's lettuce, spinach etc.) with mildew are no longer edible. The powdery mildew is non-toxic and contains no toxins [web44].

Replace mildew plants
Infested plants can be thrown away and new plants can be planted [web44].

Milk to combat mildew: exterminate mildew with a milk water solution
Microorganisms in milk kill powdery mildew, spray a a milk-water solution like a pesticide [web43].

Field horsetail against mildew: exterminate mildew with a field horsetail solution
Give into 4 or 5 liters of water about 500gr. chopped field horsetail in a mixture (fresh or dried), let stand it for 1 day, then boil for it for about 30 minutes, strain, and dilute this broth in a ratio of 1: 5 with water. Spray on the plants every 2 days [web43].

Garlic against mildew
-- Put garlic cloves into the ground so only a small point looks out [web45]
-- Repeatedly spray plants with a cooled garlic broth [web45]

Prevention against mildew
-- Water plants with horsetail solution every 2 to 3 weeks [web43]
-- Select mildew-resistant sorts of vegetables [web44]
-- In spring, put the first cloves of garlic around a field, so that only the tip of the clove of garlic can be seen, in the end you can harvest garlic and the field is always without mildew, also without aphids, maggots, mites, snails, caterpillars [web45 ].


Mallow rust

     
mallow rust with perforated leaves [3] - Mallow rust, underside of the leaves with red polka dot coating [4]

Hollyhocks are often affected by mallow rust, a fungal disease. The leaves have brown pustules and spots and then mostly die. The spores multiply in warm and humid weather and spread through the air. Prevention starts in spring:
1) Hollyhocks should not be in a warm, humid and wind-protected places. Hollyhocks live healthier in sunny and windy places.
2) Spray hollyhocks with horsetail broth every two weeks from April to the end of July.
3) A lot of fertilizer provokes soft leaves, so don't fertilize much. Do not plant hollyhocks too tightly so that the leaves remain dry when you water the plants. Hollyhocks must not stand between tall shrubs [where a moist microclimate is formed].
4) Plant resistant varieties of hollyhocks (hybrid hybrids), hybrid of hollyhock + marshmallow: They are called "Parkallee", "Parkfrieden" or "Parkrondell".
5) Old plants are more susceptible, it's better to plant new plants. Where mallow rust has appeared, you should no longer plant hollyhocks.
6) Check the leaves regularly, remove infected leaves, these are usually the older leaves close to the ground. Spray with biologically environmentally compatible pure sulfur [web48].


Botrytis (tubular mold - dusting, gray "mold lawn")

Botrytis tubular mushrooms are 2 types and a natural hybrid, they are important plant pests [web49]. The reproductive organs are tubular. Tubular mushrooms comprise 45,000 species, they are the largest group of the real mushrooms [web51]. The gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea) is the best known species because it can use a lot of plants as host plants [web49], over 235 plant varieties are victims of gray mold [web52]. The botrytis tubular fungus comes in high humidity, after constant rain, in coastal areas [web51], especially in summer, when up to 70% of the spores in the air are botrytis spores [web52]. First the botrytis attacks older, weaker cultures and then jumps over to young cultures [web50]. Lazy spots in a humid climate are the landing site for the spores (conidia) that come from the wind or from splash water. The infection can affect the entire plant, causing a "mold lawn" to form. A humid climate with 20 to 28ºC [web51] is optimal, but it survives up to 35ºC [web52].

        
Botrytis tubular mushroom on grapes [8] - Botrytis tubular mushroomon a strawberry [9] - Botrytis tubular mushroom in garlic [10] - Botrytis tubular mushroomon an orange [11]

The fungal lawn of the "Botrytis cinerea" is heavily dusting. Brown spots also appear on leaves and fruits. Glassy stains are also possible. Popular "landing sites" for the botrytis fungal spores are soft fruits and flowers [web51], all soft vegetables and fruits with a high water content [web52], sometimes shoots and woody parts. Above all, are vulnerable
-- for vegetables (with a high water content [web52]): tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, salads [web51], cabbage [web52];
-- for soft fruit (with a high water content [web52]): strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, blackberries [web51];
-- for ornamental plants (with soft, fleshy stems, leaves and flowers [web52]): roses, tulips, rhododendron, hydrangeas etc. [web51].

The cells of the host plants slowly die and the plant rots completely (apoptosis, cell death). The spread of the spores (conidia) is with the wind. The fungi hibernate in the rotting plant or as hardened parts of the plant (sclerotia) [web49]. Sclerotia form as a hard permanent form to wait for better climates and to break out again in the damp spring [web51]. When wine is infected, gray mold rot can significantly increase wine quality (noble rot) if the infestation occurs during the harvest. Before the harvest is too early and the harvest spoils (raw rot) [web49].

Prevention of botrytis tubular fungus
Pesticides have no sense, quickly become ineffective because the botrytis tubular fungus forms resistance [web51], and pesticides poison the soil and groundwater [web52].

Organic prevention takes place with permaculture beds in the hill bed and by the continuous improvement of the soil with roots in the bed, so that the plants become more and more resistant:
-- Do not leave open garden soil [web52]
-- Plant mixed cultures [so that the plants become stronger and stronger] [web52]
-- Healthy soil culture with many soil organisms such as springtails neutralize many fungal spores [web52]

-- Organic prevention in the garden without a hill bed is done with liquid manure and with teas, so that the plants are less affected [web51]:

-- drying plant parts, reducing or discontinuing watering [web52]
-- thin dense foliage for better air circulation, remove some branches from trees for better air circulation [web52]
-- remove moss+weeds to remove superfluous water reservoirs [web52]
-- always water the earth, don't water the leaves from above [web51]
-- mulching only shortly before flowering (e.g. strawberries) [web51]
-- change the location of the ornamental plants more often [web51]
-- Create a mixed culture: plant garlic and onions in the bed, because the mustard oils of garlic and onions are effective against the fungus [web51](plant garlic in the beds, this neutralizes the botrytis sac fungus [web52])
-- mulch the soil with plant remains of garlic and onions or bring them into the soil, because the mustard oils are effective against many pests at the same time [web51]
-- store harvested fruits in a cool place at 0 to 3ºC, so they stay fresh longer, otherwise a few fruits may infect the fruits. the whole harvest with the gray gray lawn [web51]
-- touch the fruits little during the harvest and do not provoke any damage [web51]
-- Horsetail broth spraying [web51]
-- dip the roots of strawberries in horsetail broth (e.g. strawberries) before planting them so that the plants become stronger [web51]
-- pour diluted nettle manure (e.g. strawberries) [web51]
-- defoliate plants when they develop very dense leaves (e.g. strawberries) [web51]
-- look for a new location after 3 years at the latest (e.g. strawberries) [web51]
-- Preventively pollinate flowers with rock flour and attach rock flour to the bottom [web51]
-- too much fertilization can provoke fungal infections, so always fertilize sparingly [web51]

-- when discovered at the beginning remove the affected parts of the plant and dispose of them in a closed system, thereby not whirling spores through the air, disposing of them in the garbage collection or burning them yourself [web52]
-- lay fleece against further distribution [web52]

-- don't let the humidity get too high in greenhouses, there must be no dew on the leaves, regular ventilation or automatic window regulators are important [web51]
-- reduce the humidity in the greenhouse to let the residual spores die [web52].

Pucciniomycetes

They look very different:

          
Pucciniomycetes: Puccinia coronata [12] - Pucciniomycetes: Cronartium ribicola [13] - Pucciniomycetes: Puccinia sesselis [14] - Pucciniomycetes: Puccinia graminis an einem Weizenhalm [15] - Pucciniomycetes: Puccinia bornmuelleri [16]

Pucciniomycetes are fungi of the class Puccinia, are very different, use plants as hosts all over the world, occupy leaves, young stems, in some species also the wooden branches, mosses and insects. Some classes have also specialized in rotting plant remains [web53].

Examples
Also the rust fungi like pear grate belong to it [web54].

Pear tree with pear grate  [1]
also: pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust (link ENGL)

The rust fungi of the Pucciniomycetes stand fungi occur as
-- blackberry rust on blackberry leaves (Phragmidium violaceum) [web55],
-- corn rust on maize leaves (Puccinia sorghi, syn.: P. mayidis) [web56],
-- Coffee rust on coffee leaves (Hemileia vastatrix): Until the 1970s it was only common in Europe and Asia, since then also in "America" [web57]
-- pear grate on the leaves of pear trees (Gymnosporangium sabinae) [web47] etc. etc. etc.

Blackberry Rust
Blackberry Rust with Orange Spots [19]

Thornless varieties are particularly endangered. Prevention:
-- Thinning out dense undergrowth
-- Do not leave autumn leaves lying around, this measure blocks the overwintering of the fungus
-- Prevent weeds
-- Harmonious nitrogen fertilization strengthens the blackberries [web55]

Corn rust
    
Corn rust [17] - Corn rust: leaf's underside [18]

The condition is a humid and warm climate. First the lower and middle leaves are attacked, then the upper ones as well. The intermediate host of maize rust is wood sorrel (e.g. upright wood sorrel, horn wood sorrel). After the overwintering of the teleutospores, the spores attack the intermediate host wood sorrel on the undersides of the leaves in spring. The pustules break open in midsummer, are transmitted by the wind and attack the maize leaves first below, then also above. The losses can be up to 10%, with cultivated maize varieties (inbred lines) even more [web56] .

Combating maize rust:
-- Prevention: The intermediate host wood sorrel in and around the maize crops must disappear [web56]
-- Cultivation of stable maize varieties which are not susceptible [web56]
-- Ploughing under crop residues cleanly [web56].

Coffee grate
     
Coffee plantation without trees in Brazil [22] - Coffee plantation with trees in Sri Lanka [23] - Coffee rust [20] - Coffee rust on leaf's undersides [21]

The coffee variety "Arabica" needs an average annual temperature in the range of 18-21°C optimally, up to a maximum of 24ºC. At over 23º, the coffee bean ripens too quickly, so the quality of the bean and coffee deteriorates significantly. At temperatures above 30ºC, the leaves of the coffee plant turn yellow. Global warming is causing a migration of coffee cultures from the lowlands to the highlands, where they are still cultivated in mixed cultures [web60].

Coffee rust on coffee leaves (Hemileia vastatrix): Coffee rust was only common in Europe, Asia, Australia and Puerto Rico until the 1970s, since 1970 also in the whole of tropical "America", when quarantine measures were no longer of any use. In extreme cases the entire harvest will be destroyed [web57]. Coffee rust is especially common on the plantations in Brazil, Colombia and Vietnam [web58]. Very susceptible variety: Coffea arabica; less susceptible variety: Coffea canephora (Robusta). Coffee rust mainly affects very young and old plants [web59].

The coffee grate includes 40 different "mushroom breeds". During the dry season, the fungus waits in infested plant organs, only to develop the spores during the rainy season and "land" on other plants. The spores spread through the wind, but also through the impact of raindrops and insects. Spores can also attack seeds, which then travel long distances. The optimal temperature for the coffee grate is between 21 and 25ºC [web57]. Coffee rust attacks the plants in the rainy season at temperatures between 15 and 28ºC. The infestation starts with orange spores on the undersides of the leaves, which then form white or yellow spots on the upper side of the leaves [web59]. Circular, white to yellowish spots form, which become larger and larger, so that the leaves then die. Infested coffee cultures lose their leaves due to the coffee rust, the growth is weakened until total death [web57].

Pesticide coffee
Pesticides can only be used in treeless coffee crops, 3 weeks before the rainy season. The pesticides cost a lot [and poison the ecosystem] [web57].

According to research at the Coffee Rust Research Center in Oeiras (Portugal), certain coffees are more susceptible (e.g. Caturra in Colombia) than others (e.g. Hybrido de Timor). The invention of new, resistant coffee varieties stands in contrast to the coffee rust fungi, which are constantly adapting to the new types of coffee (!) [web57].

Organic coffee without pesticides - tactics against coffee rust
-- Install shade trees in the plantation so that the dew formation on the coffee plants is reduced and a larger spread of the coffee rust is prevented [web57]
-- Shade trees in coffee culture protect coffee plants from pests in a natural way [web59]
-- coffee plants in the mixed culture grow up next to other plants and trees in a functioning ecosystem so that the temperatures in summer are milder than in a monoculture in the blazing sun and the susceptibility decreases [web60]
-- the location of the coffee plantation must be optimal with optimal humidity [web59]
-- if there is no humidity in winter the coffee plant is more susceptible to pests [web59]
-- Adjust fertilization so that coffee rust is not promoted [web57]
-- homeopathic remedies [web60] (which?)
-- ecologically compatible means [web60] (which?)
-- Application of copper sulphate [web60]
-- radical rejuvenation of the stock [web60]
-- Respect the maximal height of the cultivation plant [web58]
-- Plant resistant coffee varieties [web58] - but the coffee rust adapts to the resistant varieties (!) [web57]
-- Teaching the farmers cultivation techniques, ecology and the ecosystem [web60]
-- Research: A natural opponent of coffee rust is the hyperparasite Verticillium hemileiae (research 2002 in Mexico) [web57]
-- Research: Research is working with wild coffee (wild Arabica coffee) from Ethiopia which grows wild in mountain rainforests and not on plantations [web58] - further there is growing wild Arabica coffee also in South Sudan and in Kenya [web60].

-- Always check the leaves [web59]
-- Always check the top layer of earth [web59].

BUT: Stop all damaging coffee!
But THE BEST IS to REJECT ANY COFFEE because of coffein intoxication and over activity of all organs and glands creating a toxic body. Replace it by teas and lemon water and DESTROY ALL COFFEE PLANTATIONS because 1) it's a TOXIC BEVERAGE HARMING A LOT and 2) all wisdom about healing teas is LOST by stupid and toxic coffee! - note: damaging coffee link.


Plants as natural pesticides against plant diseases - a few examples

Planting Tagetes (marigold) flowers against plant diseases + against flies - but snails are coming

[Tagetes can be planted where there are no snails, i.e. on the balcony, in the living room, etc.].

  
Tagetes - Marigold [6] - Tagetes minuta [7]

The marigold comes from Latin "America". "According to legend, the name Tagetes comes from the Etruscan people. According to their mythology, while ploughing a field from a furrow, the child of the gods came to earth day. The marigold plant was dedicated to him." Tagetes grows to a height of 15 to 80cm and loves the blazing sun in wind-protected locations, but partial shade is also possible. The original marigold has a "strong smell". In new breeds, this smell has been almost completely bred away. "The older varieties spread an intense scent via glands on the edges of the leaves and roots, which not everyone finds pleasant. That's why, in addition to the name marigold or velvet flower, the unsightly term "marigold" or "student fart" has also become commonplace." [web04].

Other marigold varieties smell pleasant
-- of liquorice (Tagetes filifolia, "Irish Lace")
-- for spices for desserts and salads or teas (Tagetes filifolia)
-- after anise and woodruff (Tagetes lucida in Mexico, "Yauhtli") to refine cocoa or for stomach teas, smoked it has a slightly psychedelic effect and is used by natives at ceremonies [web06].

Healing effects of marigolds
Among the natives of "America", marigold is a cult flower for the dead, in Europe a traditional funerary flower, in India a flower to pay homage to the gods and the dead. In India, marigold is planted as a protection against malaria mosquitoes. Tagetes tea is effective against bronchitis and rheumatism, externally against eye complaints. Indications are also skin wounds, stomach complaints, colds, rheumatism complaints, headaches, nervousness, diaphoretic, diuretic kidney cleansing, flatulence, fever, antidepressant without harmful side effects, stomach diseases, women's complaints, fever, diarrhea, flatulence, meteorism, digestive problems, worms, insect repellent [web04].

Tagetes is grown for oil production for aromatherapy, for bath and body oils or as a raw material for the perfume industry. The essence helps with irritability and sleep disorders [web06].

Table: Tagetes repells
Flies [web06]	Whitefly (Aleyrodidae) [web04]	Nematodes, root owls [web01,web04] above all from Tagetes patula and Tagetes nana [web06]	Potato pests (animals damaging potatoes) [web04]	Tagetes weakens  or causes is eliminating proliferating herbs (especially Tagetes minuta): morning glory, couch grass and goutweed [web01] Couch grass, goutweed no longer grow when Tagetes is planted [web04]
Tagetes -- protects against nematodes and scale insects (Weisse Fliege): at strawberries, potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes [web01] -- protects in general root vegetables and roses [web06].
But: If there are snails, Tagetes attracts a lot of snails [web06]. With marigolds you can do a distraction feeding for snails so that the snails are not attacking other plants [web06].

Tagetes against flies
"Most insects do not like the scents emanating from glands on the edges of the leaves and via the roots. As a border planting of vegetable beds or even in the middle of the individual crops, marigolds drive away many fly species." [web06]

Tagetes repels nematodes and whiteflies
-- serve as bait plants for snails - their scent keeps the whitefly away - their roots keep the soil healthy, especially those of the patula species,

Tagetes drives away the nematodes which damage other ornamental plants [web04]:

How does Tagetes do it? Tagetes plants (marigolds) "attract the worms with their roots and then, as soon as the nematodes attack the roots, release a poison that kills the worms. In this way, the soil becomes 'clean' again over a large area." [web05] - After the marigold planting the roots are left in and the green parts are left as mulch [web07].

-- Marigold+strawberry: kills nematodes (nematodes, root owls), keeps the whitefly away [web01]
-- Marigolds+potato: kills nematodes (nematodes, root owls), keeps the whitefly away [web01]
-- in South "America" Tagetes is planted again and again between potatoes to reduce the potato pests [web04]
-- Tagetes+cabbage: Kills nematodes (nematodes, root owls), keeps the whitefly away [web01]
-- Tagetes+tomato: Kills nematodes (nematodes, root owls), keeps the whitefly away [web01].

The danger of nematode infestation exists especially with roses and root vegetables (carrots, celery etc.), so that a mixed planting with marigolds is worthwhile [web06].

Tagetes varieties that are particularly effective against nematodes are Tagetes patula and Tagetes nana [web06].

The danger of nematode infestation exists especially with roses and root vegetables (carrots, celery etc.), so that a mixed planting with marigolds is worthwhile [web06].

Tagetes varieties that are particularly effective against nematodes are Tagetes patula and Tagetes nana [web06].

Planting marigolds next to vegetables - or just marigolds for 1 year
"You can sow the marigolds in addition to the vegetables or give the soil a one-year cure. The marigold should remain in the ground for at least 100 days so that the full effect can begin." [web05]

Some farmers and gardeners always plant marigolds in different locations to keep the soil clean [web05]

Tagetes inhibits weeds
Tagetes has an inhibitory effect on many weeds, including morning glory, couch grass and goutweed. They weaken them and even kill them. Tagetes Minuta is the strongest species in this respect [web01].

Goutweed and couch grass do not want to grow anymore in the presence of marigolds [web04].



Planting marigolds against plant diseases, for good soil and as a medicinal plant and compost plant - the "good neighbours"

Calendula is an antibiotic plant [web81]. [So if you have the marigold in the garden, you have a pharmacy in the garden...]

        
Calendula [30] -- Mixed cultivation of marigolds with lettuce [31] -- Mixed cultivation of marigolds (Calendula) next to carrots: tenthacrefarm.com [32] --
Mixed cultivation of marigolds (Calendula) next to kohlrabi and cabbage [33]

Marigolds (Calendula, Fiesta, Chrysantha [web78]) - Calendula officinalis, also called Buttercup or Goldflower (in English: Pot Marigold, Garden Marigold [web81]) - consist of different species with single and double flowers, are annual, sometimes also biennial, overwintering flowers, up to 50cm, rarely up to 70cm high, with spindle-shaped and fibrous roots, with unstemmed leaves [web77]. Calendula officinalis grows on practically all soils with a spectrum from acidic pH4.5 to basic pH8.3 [web82]. Calendula also grows wild in Europe on rubble and on nutrient-rich, loose soils in the hilly country up to the mountains. Vulnerabilities include fungi, powdery mildew and aphids. Too much fertilization or lack of phosphorus and potassium reduces the number of flowers [web77]. As dried flowers, Calendula officinalis are the best decoration in winter [web82].

The flowers are picked and used as wound healing medicine, also bruises, boils, rashes (there are hardly any allergic reactions to calendula), internally also for ulcers in the gastrointestinal area and menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea). As a tea, calendula also has a diaphoretic, diuretic drainage, antispasmodic effect as a muscle tonic, against worms and against liver diseases. Calendula flowers are also a dye for food in cheese and butter etc. or for counterfeiting saffron [web77].

According to farmer's knowledge, marigolds are also supposed to be a weather indicator: The flowers close in the dark and when there is a suspicion of rainy weather [web80]. Open flowers between 6 and 7 o'clock in the morning promise a sunny day, and whenn the marigolds are still closed after 7 o'clock often do not open at all and predict a rainy day [web77].

Marigolds planted as a ring around a garden bed protect the vegetables from pests and snails AND also give the vegetables a growth spurt [web79].

Table: Calendula repells
Snails [web78]	Whitefly at tomatoes [web72]	Nematods [web72,78,79] root owls [web75]	Wireworm [web71]	more pests [web78] -- beetles [web79] -- grasshoppers [web79] -- Mexican bean beetle [web79]	improves soil quality [web71,web78] can be planted everywhere where is space free [web78]	yield a slurry as organic fertilizer [web78]	attracts hoverflies against aphids [web80]
Calendula has a protective effect in potatoes, cabbages, tomatoes: Keeps nematodes (root owls) and wireworms away, promotes soil health [web71]; drives away the whitefly in tomatoes [web72]. with berry bushes, raspberries, potatoes, cabbages, roses, tomatoes [web71], with strawberries (Mi), lettuce (mi), salsify, celery, asparagus [web73], strawberries, cucumbers, cabbages, lettuce, tomatoes [web74] Calendula has a growth-promoting effect in mixed culture: lamb's lettuce strawberries peas beans savory potatoes cabbage garden cress cucumbers raspberries [web78]. Marigold strengthens the resistance in mixed cultivation with: coriander, carrots, pumpkin, peppers, parsley and all fruit trees [web78] and can be planted anywhere where there is space, always has the same positive properties on the soil without restricting other plants [web74] The only negative indication: when Marigold is planted together with thyme: Both plants die [web78].

Calendula officinalis. Sunflower family. Promotes soil health (nematodes), has an effect against soil algae. Makes soil finely crumbly. Months 3-9/ Sowing ratio 10g/m2 / Killing by freezing temperature is missing / Root up to 80cm / Soil 1: all soils - except dry soils [web70].

The bio-insecticide in the soil continues to work for a few years after the marigolds have been removed, so the soil remains free of nematodes [web79].

Marigolds around the garden bed and in the garden bed [web78]
-- attract bees, bumblebees and butterflies [web78]
-- drive away snails, nematodes and other pests [web78]
-- drive away beetles, grasshoppers, Mexican bean beetles and evil nematodes [web79]
-- improve soil quality [web78]
-- the root secretion of the marigold (French marigold) kills nematodes in the soil [web72].
-- marigolds drive away root owls (nematodes [web76]) and guarantee other plants to have intact roots and thus good growth [web75]
-- are a good organic fertilizer [web78].
-- attracts hoverflies eating aphids [web80]

Calendula officinalis=compost plant: Calendula is an excellent compost plant [web79], marigold flowers are part of the compost activator "Quick Return", which accelerates the bacterial activity in the compost heap and thus shortens the composting time [web80].

Calendula officinalis=medicinal plant: Calendula is an excellent medicinal plant for wound healing, inflammation, menstrual regulation, etc. The deep orange calendula is the one with the most healing powers, especially flowers and leaves: skin problems, bites, stings, sprains, wound healing, sore eyes, varicose veins, taken against fever and chronic infections, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogic, diaphoretic, menstrual increase (emmenagogic). A tea with flower petals heals circulatory disorders, relieves varicose veins when taken regularly, crushed stems on corns and warts heal them away. Calendula officinalis as a mouthwash heals mouth inflammation, pharyngitis, wounds and burns. Calendula officinalis as a mouthwash heals mouth inflammation, pharyngitis, wounds and burns. Calendula tea heals away bone inflammation in the jawbones, heals bone inflammation where antibiotics fail because there is hardly any blood supply and thus oxygen supply in the bones. Calendula tea as a bath additive heals away skin injuries and eczema. Calendula officinalis in an oil or gel cures skin inflammation, even in critical diabetes [where other remedies fail] [web82].

Calendula tea heals mouth infections, pharyngitis, mouth wounds, gingivitis, tonsillitis and ulcers in the gastrointestinal area, contains salicylic acid against infections, malic acid, quercetin etc. Calendulate heals intestinal ulcers, 2g dried flowers in 200ml water, 3x daily. Calendula regulates too weak or too heavy menstruation: Take 1 week before the expected menstrual period (2g dried flowers in 200ml water, 2x daily) - and PMS is also alleviated. Calendula essential oil is fungicidal and can be used against fungi (e.g. vaginal fungus). Calendula stimulates bile and thus digestion when there is digestive arrest. Calendulatee is also antispasmodic. Calendula officinalis is antibacterial, fungicidal and virus-killing. An organic extract is possible against AIDS (HIV-1). The virus herpes simplex is treated with a skin lotion [web81].

Calendula heals injuries, bruises and skin blisters with an envelope with antibiotic bruised leaves and flowers, skin infections, diaper rash, warts and acne with the antibiotic bruised leaves. Calendula eliminates itching, rash, burns and hives (urticaria) with a wrap [web81].

Hardened skin heals away with calendula wraps. Calendula contains mucilage and other substances for the healing of corns or other hard skin areas (make a poultice with crushed calendula leaves 3 to 4 times a day). Conjunctivitis is treated with calendula compresses on the swollen eye, on the swollen eyelid, or on the stye. Skin care: Calendula contains mucilage, antioxidants and flavonoids for supple skin. Applied externally, salicylic acid heals pimples and acne, opens pores and eliminates bacteria. Calendulatee applied or poultices with crushed leaves and flowers cures skin diseases, dermatitis, psoriasis, scalp and dandruff, dry skin, stretch marks, skin spots, facial spots. Calendula with aslicylic acid, saponins and terpenoids is suspected of curing muscle wasting and MS. Dried flower tea: 14g per cup, pour into boiling water, steep for 15 minutes, take 2x daily after meals. Tincture: Soak 20g of flowers in 100g of 60% alcohol for 1 week, take 20 to 30 drops 2-3 times a day. Make poultice: Bruised leaves and flowers, make wraps. Compress: decoction with 6-7% leaves and flowers. Eye bath: Decoction of petals 2 teaspoons to 1 half liter of water, apply warm compresses to the eye [web81].


More about calendula (Calendula officinalis): https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/calendula-officinalis

Negative advertisement: the combination of Calendula with thyme: Then usually both plants die [web78].


Planting onions against plant diseases - the "good neighbours"

          
Onions in the bed [24] -- Yellow kitchen onions [25] -- Red kitchen onions [27] -- Positive mixed cultivation of strawberries and onions [26] --
Mixed cultivation root scheme with onions, lettuce and carrots [28]

Onion in strawberries: Effective against fungal diseases and spider mites [web61]

Table: Onion repells
carrot fly [web61]	fungi illnesses [web61]	aphids [web63]	spider mites [web61]	red spider [web63]	Late blight pathogen in tomatoes [web62]	Pests of beetroot [web67]	Pests of salads [web67]
Warnings: combined with cauliflower, in beans, in broccoli, in peas, in garlic, in leeks [web64], in red cabbage, bush beans, potatoes, cabbage, runner beans [web65], in general all legumes [web67].

Onions protect carrots, tomatoes, beetroot and salads

Onion with carrot: Reduces the carrot fly [web61] respectively the onion scent drives away the carrot fly [web66], onion is effective against fungal diseases and spider mites [web61].

Onion (and parsley) with tomato: are expelling late blight pathogens [web62].

Onion also drives away pests of beetroot and lettuce [web67].

Onion is effective against aphids [web63], against the red spider [web63]

Mixed cultivation in close rows with salads and onions [29]

Onion has an unfavorable negative effect on cauliflower, on beans, on broccoli, on peas, on garlic, on leeks [web64], on red cabbage, bush beans, potatoes, cabbage, runner beans [web65], in general all legumes [web67].

Onion as medicine:
Example onion-honey-cough syrup: Put onion slices in a jar, let it steep with honey for 3 hours, done [web68].
etc. etc. etc.

Onions as medicine for animals:
Example: Anti-worm prevention in chickens: Chop onions + garlic into small pieces, put in a preserving jar, add apple cider vinegar, let it sit for 3 to 4 days, shake or stir lightly several times a day. Strain, make herbal tea from herbs that deworm: add thyme, mugwort, chamomile, peppermint. Give it to the chickens: add 3 tbsp / kg chicken or 3 tbsp per liter of drinking water [web69].



Planting garlic against plant diseases - the "good neighbours"

Natural pesticides

At the beginning of the garden change - there was the permaculture garden pioneer Mr. Fukuoka in Japan - he produced a natural insecticide like pyrethrum from chrysanthemum roots, which he had to spray on his vegetables in the first years to protect them from being eaten: against cabbage worm and cabbage moths [web10].

Link for composing natural pesticides (German): https://www.pinterest.de/pin/292452569534200525/

Link for organic pesticides (Spanish): https://www.pinterest.de/pin/289637819767089329/

Link for organic pesticides against snails: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/33636328447144057/


-- Tagetes (v.a. Tagetes patula und Tagetes nana. )
-- Kamille [web06]
-- Ringelblume [web06]
-- Sonnenhut [web06].

Natural pesticides: plants against nematodes

-- Tagetes (esp. Tagetes patula and Tagetes nana. )
-- Chamomile [web06]
-- Marigold [web06]
-- Coneflowers [web06].


Natural pesticides: baking soda as a natural pesticide, stain and cleaning agent
from: http://www.genialetricks.de/garten-natron/


Baking soda (bicarbonate) against powdery mildew (white mushrooms on leaves): Mix 10g of baking soda in 1 liter of water and spray on the leaves every 10 days and that's the end of mildew

Baking soda against weeds: Weeds disappear if you sprinkle them with baking soda (bicarbonate).

Baking soda against aphids: Mix 2 teaspoons of baking soda (bicarbonate) in 1 liter of water and spray. For scale insects and mealybugs: 2 teaspoons of baking soda in 1 liter of water + a little spirit. In rainy weather, the adhesive strength must be increased: Mix 2 teaspoons of baking soda in 1 liter of water with a little cooking oil and organic curd soap and spray and the lice are gone.

Baking soda against wood splinters in your hand: Spread baking soda porridge, plaster on it, leave on for 3 to 4 hours, so the splinter can be easily removed.

Baking soda against adhesive labels on jam jars: Mix baking soda with cooking oil in equal parts and brush the label with it, then it can be easily removed after 30 minutes.

Remove baking soda against limescale deposits on flower pots: Soak the pots in diluted vinegar to loosen the deposits, then mix a scouring mixture with baking soda, citric acid and cornstarch, and the limescale deposits will go away.

Sodium bicarbonate porridge against stains (soil, grass, coffee, etc.): Mix baking soda with a little water to form a baking soda porridge, rub the stain, let it soak in, rinse - the stain is gone.

Baking soda against unpleasant odors: Set up a saucer with baking soda, which binds odors.


Baking soda

https://www.smarticular.net/natron-wirkung-gegen-mehltau-laeuse-und-mehr/ 

Sodium bicarbonate solution against mildew -- sodium bicarbonate solution against lice -- boiling sodium bicarbonate solution (1 tablespoon in 1 liter of boiling water) kills weeds, keep 10cm distance from the crop -- ants loosen and fertilize the soil, distribute seeds, fight insects, if they become too much, you can drive them away with a mixture of powdered sugar + baking soda --


Natural Pesticides: Rapeseed Oil Water Solution

Rapeseed oil solution against aphids, whitefly, scale insects, spider mites, gall mites, insect larvae, insect eggs: Spray in the evening

Rapeseed oil is a foodstuff. The rapeseed oil-water solution (7 parts water, 3 parts rapeseed oil) can therefore be sprayed on leaves AND fruits and vegetables, is effective against aphids, whitefly, scale insects, spider mites, gall mites, insect larvae, insect eggs. Spray a maximum of 3 times on a plant. In case of severe infestation, the spraying can be repeated after a few days. The rapeseed oil solution dissolves the wax layer of the leaves, so rapeseed oil solution should only be sprayed in the evening, otherwise the plant will dry out in the sun. Container plants can be placed in a shady place. The rapeseed oil solution is a risk in young plants, flowers and fresh, tender leaves [web46].

Rapeseed oil against weeds: Spray during the day
Rapeseed oil against weeds: Spray weeds with rapeseed oil solution (water:rapeseed oil=7:3) during the day, the wax layer of the leaves comes off, the plant dries out [web46].


Natural pesticides: soapy water

Dissolve soapy water (50g curd soap per 1 liter of water), spray, morning or evening, do not spray in direct sun, not on plant parts that are eaten, e.g. against aphids [web47]

Natural pesticides: nettle decoction

e.g. against aphids [web47]


News

Video 1.4.2024: Natural pesticide for the garden: Milk water with baking soda [bicarbonate too?]:
The strongest organic defense of the garden against disease! No more disease attacks
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ByQDs_CIxXo
https://t.me/Impfschaden_Corona_Schweiz/91117
Impfschäden Schweiz Coronaimpfung, [02.04.2024 19:37]

ENGL orig.:
Now, onto the remedy. You'll need just two simple ingredients, milk and baking soda. Yes, you heard that right—ordinary milk and baking soda from your kitchen can work wonders for your plants. Here's how. First, mix 1 deciliter of milk with 1 liter of warm water. Milk contains proteins and enzymes that can inhibit fungal growth and reduce their harmful effects on plants. When sprayed onto your plants, it creates a favorable environment for beneficial microorganisms to thrive, which in turn helps fight off fungal infections and boosts plant resistance. Next, add one tablespoon of baking soda to the mixture. Baking soda, or sodium bicarbonate, alters the pH environment on the leaves, making it difficult for fungi to survive and spread. Regularly spraying your plants with this solution can alleviate disease symptoms and prevent further spread, keeping your garden healthy and vibrant.

<<           >>

Sources
[web01] https://gesundesleben.online/index.php/mischkultur-im-obst-und-gemuesegarten
[web02] http://www.helpster.de/tagetes-vor-schnecken-schuetzen-so-gelingt-s_63393
[web03] http://www.helpster.de/blumen-die-schnecken-nicht-moegen-so-koennen-sie-sie-anpflanzen_82987
[web04] https://www.kraeuter-verzeichnis.de/kraeuter/tagetes.shtml
[web05] https://www.gartentipps.com/fadenwuermer-im-garten-tagetes-hilft.html
[web06] https://www.nabu.de/tiere-und-pflanzen/pflanzen/pflanzenportraets/zierpflanzen/04042.html
[web07] https://www.imkerforum.de/forum/thread/11040-tagetes-studentenblume-vertreibt-sie-die-bienen/
[web08] https://www.smarticular.net/gesunde-unkraeuter-nicht-bekaempfen-sondern-aufessen/ 
[web09] Permaculture News: https://permaculturenews.org/2011/08/19/summer-permaculture-tips-and-tricks/
[web10] Masanobu Fukuoka: Natural Farming: http://www.finalstraw.org/masanobu-fukuoka-and-natural-farming/

[web11] Giersch: https://heilkraeuter.de/lexikon/giersch.htm
[web12] Vogelmiere als Heilpflanze: https://heilkraeuter.de/lexikon/vogelmiere.htm
[web13] Gundermann: https://heilkraeuter.de/lexikon/gunder.htm
[web14] Brennnessel: https://heilkraeuter.de/lexikon/b-nessel.htm
[web15] Sauerampfer: http://sittichschwarm.de/2014/06/ampfer-fuer-sittiche/
[web16] Sauerampfer: https://www.gartenjournal.net/sauerampfer-pflege
[web17] Weisser Gänsefuss: https://heilkraeuter.de/lexikon/weisser-gaensefuss.htm
[web18] https://www.t-online.de/heim-garten/garten/id_46586666/unkraut-vernichten-10-tipps-als-alternativen-zu-unkrautvernichter.html
[web19] https://ratgeber.immowelt.de/a/unkraut-vernichten-so-werden-hobbygaertner-wieder-herr-ueber-ihren-garten.html
[web20] http://www.gartendatenbank.de/wiki/gartenarbeiten-xx_unkraut

[web21] https://www.frag-mutti.de/grossflaechig-unkraut-entfernen-a2830/ 
[web22] https://www.my-hammer.de/artikel/zeitung-unter-rindenmulch-so-verhindert-man-unkraut.html
[web23] https://www.hauslandgarten.de/geld-gespart-wie-du-pappe-und-zeitung-gegen-unkraut-verwendest/
[web24] https://www.frag-mutti.de/toller-bodendecker-waldmeister-aussaeen-a28820/
[web25] https://www.frag-mutti.de/asche-gegen-unkraut-a35971/
[web26] https://www.frag-mutti.de/keinen-loewenzahn-in-den-kompost-a47637/
[web27] https://www.frag-mutti.de/moos-verhindern-auf-rasen-a47661/
[web28] https://www.aachener-zeitung.de/lokales/juelich/verbrennen-von-unkraut-geraet-ausser-kontrolle_aid-24738199
[web29] http://www.haz.de/Mehr/Bilder/Galerien/2018/10/Heisswasserdusche-vernichtet-Unkraut-dauerhaft
[web30] http://www.haz.de/Mehr/Garten/Uebersicht/Gartenarbeit-Unkraut-bekaempfen-ohne-Chemie

[web31] http://www.haz.de/Mehr/Garten/Uebersicht/Gartenarbeit-Unkraut-bekaempfen-ohne-Chemie
[web32] https://phlora.de/gemuesebeet-nicht-mehr-umgraben/
[web33] https://www.mein-schoener-garten.de/gartenpraxis/pflanzenschutz/giersch-bekaempfen-so-werden-sie-das-unkraut-dauerhaft-los-3846
[web34] https://www.hausgarten.net/gartenforum/threads/unkraut-beseitigen.9220/
[web35] https://de.wikihow.com/Unkraut-vernichten
[web36] https://www.gutefrage.net/frage/unkrautbrennnessel-fressende-tiere
[web37] https://kuh-und-oxn-schule.de/unkraut-fressen.html 
[web38] Video: Schafe gegen Unkraut: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKnuC9sWpr0
[web39] Schafe mähen Wiesen und Rasen: Schafe als Rasenmäher im Garten: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRtD1X0HL4I
[web40] Video: Die 20 besten Tiere für Selbstversorger - Rassen von Ziegen, Hühner, Schweine, Schafe, Kuh Doku:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRtD1X0HL4I
Ouessantschafe als Rasenmäher (2'30''). Da ist auch das Bretonische Zwergschaf. Wenn die Weiden zu klein sind, kommen Probleme mit Weideparasiten (3'37''). Die Schafe fressen im Winter Heu, oder auch frisch geschnittene Äste (3'47'').

[web41] https://www.gartentipps.com/pflanzenkrankheiten-richtig-deuten-8-wichtige-merkmale.html
[web42] https://www.pinterest.de/pin/123778689742131148/
[web43] http://grüneliebe.de/echter-mehltau-erfolgreich-mit-milch-bekampft/
[web44] https://grüneliebe.de/5-tipps-gegen-mehltau/
[web45] https://grüneliebe.de/knoblauch-gegen-blattlaeuse-hausmittel-aus-der-natur/
[web46] https://grüneliebe.de/rapsoel-gegen-blattlaeuse-natuerliches-insektizid-fuer-gemuesepflanzen/  
[web47] https://www.mein-schoener-garten.de/gartenpraxis/pflanzenschutz/birnengitterrost-bekaempfen-8226
[web48] https://www.mein-schoener-garten.de/gartenpraxis/pflanzenschutz/malvenrost-bekaempfen-24271
[web49] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botrytis
[web50] https://cosasdeljardin.com/cultivos-del-huerto/cultivo-de-limonero-y-otros-citricos/guia-de-tratamiento-de-enfermedades-comunes-del-limonero/ 

[web51] https://www.plantura.garden/gartentipps/pflanzenschutz/botrytis-grauschimmel-erkennen-vorbeugen-bekaempfen
[web52] https://www.hausgarten.net/gartenpflege/pflanzenschutz/grauschimmel.html
[web53] https://www.taxateca.com/clasepucciniomycetes.html
[web54] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucciniomycetes
[web55] http://www.hortipendium.de/Brombeerrost
[web56] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisrost
[web57] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffeerost
[web58] https://www.das-kaffee-lexikon.de/Kaffeerost.html 
[web59] https://www.kaffeepflanze-pflege.de/kaffeepflanze-krankheiten/ 
[web60] https://www.kaffeeroesterei-kirmse.de/kaffeeanbau-im-klimawandel

[web61] https://gesundesleben.online/index.php/mischkultur-im-obst-und-gemuesegarten
[web62] https://www.gartenjournal.net/mischkultur
[web63] http://imged.me/img/ - Foto: Companion Planting Chart
[web64]
https://www.wurzelwerk.net/2018/03/22/fruchtfolge-gemuesegarten-starkzehrer-mittelzehrer-schwachzehrer/
https://www.wurzelwerk.net/2017/12/20/mischkultur-anbauplan/
[web65] https://kleingaertnerin.de/ratgeber/mischkultur.html
[web66] https://www.wurzelwerk.net/2018/02/28/anbauplan-erstellen-gemuesegarten/
[web67] https://www.hausgarten.net/gemuese-gemuesegarten/gemuese-arten/zwiebel-pflanzen.html 
[web68] https://www.liebenswert-magazin.de/zwiebel-hustensaft-selber-herstellen-das-rezept-2731.html
[web69] https://huehner-kraeuter.de/knoblauch-zwiebel-kraeuter-wurmkur-fuer-huehner/
[web70] http://www.bio-gaertner.de/Zusatzartikel/Gruenduengung-geeignete-Pflanzen-und-saisonale-Ideen

[web71] https://gesundesleben.online/index.php/mischkultur-im-obst-und-gemuesegarten
[web72] http://grubbygreengrub.blogspot.com/2013/06/designing-herb-garden.html
[web73] https://www.wurzelwerk.net/2018/03/22/fruchtfolge-gemuesegarten-starkzehrer-mittelzehrer-schwachzehrer/
https://www.wurzelwerk.net/2017/12/20/mischkultur-anbauplan/
[web74] http://www.kleingaertnerin.de
[web75] https://www.mein-schoener-garten.de/gartenpraxis/nutzgaerten/traumpartner-im-gemuesegarten-12781
[web76] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Älchen
[web77] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringelblume
[web78] https://www.gartendialog.de/gartenpflanzen/sommerblumen/ringelblume-pflege.html
[web79] https://www.zamnesia.com/de/begleitpflanzen/4385-ringelblume-calendula-officinalis.html
[web80] https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calendula+officinalis

[web81] https://www.botanical-online.com/english/calendula_properties.htm
[web82] https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calendula+officinalis
[web83] Online Health Education: Colloidal Silver - Ancient Remedy with Antibiotic Effects; September 17, 2009;
(original German: Gesundheitsliche Aufklärung online: Kolloidales Silber – Uraltes Heilmittel mit antibiotischer Wirkung; 17.9.2009);
http://www.gesundheitlicheaufklaerung.de/kolloidales-silber-uraltes-heilmittel-mit-antibiotischer-wirkung
[web84] https://www.blick.ch/video/aktuell/schnecken-plage-im-garten-mit-diesem-lebensmittel-ueberlistet-man-die-uebeltaeter-id19948880.html
[web85] https://www.interaquaristik.de/content/kupfervergiftung

Photo sources
[1] Pear tree: https://pflanzenschutzdienst.rp-giessen.de/pflanzenschutzinfothek/infothek/
[2] Powdery mildew: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/609956343257835022/
[3] Mallow rust with perforated leaf: http://www.hobby-garten-blog.de/pflanzenschutz/3724-malvenrost-stockrosen.php
[4] Mallow rust leaf underside with red polka dot coating: http://www.pilz-pilz.de/index.php?cmd=base_info_inline&the_pilz=1531
[5] Plant diseases, scheme: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/391391023851264163/
[6] Tagetes - Marigold: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/40321359149613129/
[7] Tagetes minuta: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/743445850962816586/
[8] Botrytis sac fungus on grapes: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/312578030384362659/
[9] Botrytis sac fungus on strawberry: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/809310995513841847/
[10] Botrytis sac fungus on garlic: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/719239002964111135/

[11] Botrytis sac fungus on an orange:
https://cosasdeljardin.com/cultivos-del-huerto/cultivo-de-limonero-y-otros-citricos/guia-de-tratamiento-de-enfermedades-comunes-del-limonero/
[12] Pucciniomycetes: Puccinia coronata: http://grzybiarze.eu/forum/index.php?topic=184.15
[13] Pucciniomycetes: Cronartium ribicola: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucciniomycetes
[14] Pucciniomycetes: Puccinia sesselis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucciniomycetes
[15] Puccinia graminis an einem Weizenhalm: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucciniomycetes
[16] Pucciniomycetes: Puccinia bornmuelleri: https://www.myko.cz/myko-atlas/Pucciniomycetes/
[17] Corn rust with elongated, yellow stripes: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisrost
[18] Corn rust on the underside of the leaves: https://www.agrolink.com.br/culturas/milho/ferrugem_1739.html
[19] Blackberry rust with orange spots: https://mein-neuer-garten.de/blog/brombeeren-raus-johannisbeeren-rein/
[20] Coffee grate: http://www.cesvver.org.mx/roya-del-cafe-hemileia-vastatrix/

[21] Coffee rust on the undersides of the leaves: http://www.cesvver.org.mx/roya-del-cafe-hemileia-vastatrix/
[22] Coffee plantation without trees in Brazil: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/450922981422235783/
[23] Coffee plantation with trees in Sri Lanka: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/21955116907416128/
[24] Onions in the bed: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/227220743683570356/
[25] Onions yellow: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/397864948307905285/
[26] Mixed cultivation of strawberries and onions: https://www.gartenfreunde.de/gartenpraxis/gartengenuss/mischkultur/
[27] Kitchen onions red: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/301741243765164686/
[28] Mixed cultivation root scheme with onions, lettuce and carrots: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/400257485615397831/
[29] Mixed cultivation in close rows with lettuce and onions:
https://www.pinterest.de/pin/AWcGEf8ftyRkefj4nu-AdKEKnidELUp9hZ40yR7plZmFGNSsuIrld_Q/
[30] Calendula: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/211247038755348062/

[31] Mixed cultivation of marigolds (calendula) with lettuce: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/551057704403758549/
[32] Mixed cultivation of marigolds (Calendula) next to carrots: https://www.tenthacrefarm.com/flowers-in-the-vegetable-garden/amp/
[33] Mixed cultivation with calendula: https://www.gartenfreunde.de/gartenpraxis/gartengenuss/mischkultur/?seite=2

^